INTRODUCTION

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. It primarily affects motor functions, and the likelihood of developing the condition increases with age. Parkinson’s manifests not only through tremors, but also through slowed movements, muscle rigidity, impaired balance, and non-motor symptoms. This article provides a detailed analysis of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods for Parkinson’s disease.

Symptoms and Signs

1. Primary Motor Symptoms:

• Tremor: Most commonly begins with shaking in the fingers and hands. It typically worsens at rest and decreases with movement.

• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement): Everyday tasks become more difficult; there is noticeable delay in initiating and maintaining movements.

• Rigidity (muscle stiffness): Muscles become tense and painful, making movements even more difficult.

• Postural instability (loss of balance): Maintaining balance while standing or walking becomes harder, increasing the risk of falls.

2. Non-Motor Symptoms:

• Depression and anxiety

• Constipation

• Sleep disturbances

• Loss of sense of smell

• Speech changes (monotone speech)

• Shrinking handwriting (micrographia)

• Reduced facial expression (masked face)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is primarily based on clinical observation. Currently, there is no laboratory test that definitively confirms the condition. The following diagnostic tools are used:

• Neurological examination: Assesses movement, muscle tone, and reflexes.

• MRI or CT scans: Used to rule out other neurological disorders.

• DaTSCAN: A type of imaging that shows dopamine transporter activity.

• Drug response test: A positive response to the medication levodopa is a typical sign of Parkinson’s.

Treatment Methods

1. Medication:

• Levodopa: One of the most effective treatments; it is converted into dopamine in the brain.

• Dopamine agonists: Stimulate dopamine receptors (e.g., pramipexole, ropinirole).

• MAO-B inhibitors: Slow the breakdown of dopamine (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline).

• COMT inhibitors: Prolong the effect of levodopa.

2. Surgical Treatment:

• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Electrodes are implanted into specific areas of the brain to deliver electrical stimulation. This is used in severe cases.

3. Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation:

• Physiotherapy, exercise, and light physical activity improve motor function.

• Speech therapy and support from a speech-language pathologist can help with speech difficulties.

4. Psychological and Social Support:

• Psychotherapy is essential for managing depression and social isolation.

• Educating family members and encouraging participation in support groups aid in social adaptation.

Nutrition and Lifestyle

• Balanced diet: Foods rich in antioxidants (fruits and vegetables) help protect nerve cells.

• Adequate water intake: Important for preventing constipation.

• Coordinating meals with medication: It is recommended to avoid high-protein foods at the time of levodopa intake, as they can interfere with absorption.

CONCLUSION

Parkinson’s disease is a serious and progressively developing condition. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment can significantly improve the patient’s quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach (neurologist, physiotherapist, psychologist) and family support play a vital role in disease management.

The advancement of science and technology gives hope for more effective treatments in the future. A personalized approach for each patient, along with understanding from society and family, are key factors in making this journey easier.