Introduction
One of Azerbaijan’s most fascinating natural wonders, Yanardag, has amazed people for centuries. At first glance, it may seem like nothing more than a mountain ablaze, but behind this image lie both ancient myths and scientific realities. In this article, we will seek to answer the question “Does Yanardag really burn?” based on scientific facts, while also exploring the place of this natural phenomenon in folklore and mythology.
I. Geographical Location and General Description of Yanardag
Yanardag is located in the northeast of Baku, on the Absheron Peninsula, near the village of Məhəmmədi. The fire constantly rises from the slope of the mountain, which is about 200 meters long and 2–3 meters high. These flames do not extinguish due to rain, wind, or snow. For this reason, Yanardag consistently attracts the attention of both tourists and locals.
II. Scientific Basis: How and Why Does the Fire Burn?
1. Underground Gas Leakage
The main reason for Yanardag's burning is the ignition of natural gases (mainly methane – CH₄) that emerge from deep layers of the earth. These gases seep to the surface through cracks in the earth’s crust and ignite upon contact with oxygen in the air.
2. Persistence of the Flame
If the gas leakage is continuous and the flame is once ignited, the fire can burn for years or even centuries without going out. This is exactly what is observed at Yanardag. Sometimes, increased gas pressure or underground movements can intensify the flames.
3. Geological Causes
The Absheron Peninsula is rich in geological faults and fractures, which serve as pathways for natural gas to reach the surface. Some scientific sources state that there are thousands of small gas outlets in the region.
III. Historical Records and Early Observations
The first written accounts of Yanardag’s fire date back to the 13th century. The famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, in his travel notes, describes “flaming lands rising from the sky.” Later, Eastern travelers also described this place using the expression “land fire,” reflecting how mysterious and sacred this event was considered at the time.
IV. Myths and Beliefs Associated with Yanardag
Yanardag is not only a geographical and geological event — it has also left a deep mark on cultural memory.
1. Sacred Fire in Zoroastrianism
In Zoroastrianism, fire is considered a sacred element. Naturally burning fire sites like Yanardag were turned into temples. The flame symbolized communication with the divine, purification, and release from sins.
2. Folk Beliefs
According to some beliefs, Yanardag is the "breath of the earth." Ancient Absheron residents believed that the fire was a message from underground spirits and that disrespecting this place could bring punishment. Legends also say that the flame lights the way to the afterlife.
3. Place of Healing and Power
In ancient times, people believed that staying near Yanardag brought spiritual and physical cleansing. The sick were brought to this area, and prayers were offered in front of the flame.
V. Yanardag and Tourism: A Modern Perspective
In recent years, tourism infrastructure has been developed around Yanardag, including:
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Visitor centers
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Viewing platforms
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Information panels
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Flame shows and night tours
This has significantly increased interest in the site from both local and international tourists. Yanardag has now become not only a natural phenomenon but also a cultural and economic symbol.
VI. Scientific Research and Questions About Yanardag
1. Has it been burning for thousands of years?
Some local legends claim the fire has been burning for millennia. However, this is difficult to confirm scientifically. It is only known that the fire was observed even in the early 20th century.
2. Why does it extinguish in some areas?
Parts of Yanardag can extinguish due to decreased underground gas pressure, landslides, or rain. However, in general, just a little gas and a spark are enough to reignite the fire.
3. Does it affect global warming?
Some ecologists suggest that such natural gas emissions release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. However, the amount of gas released from Yanardag is not significant on a global scale. Still, long-term monitoring is essential.
VII. Similar Natural Phenomena: A Global Comparison
Yanardag is not unique to Azerbaijan — similar phenomena exist in other countries:
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“Burning Mountain,” Turkmenistan – Known as the “Gates of Hell,” it ignited during artificial gas extraction and has been burning ever since.
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Eternal Flame Falls, USA – A small flame burns continuously inside a waterfall.
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Mount Chimaera, Turkey – Famous for centuries-old burning gas vents.
However, Yanardag stands out for its rarity and accessibility.
VIII. Where Science Meets Myth: Which Is More Powerful?
For centuries, science and myth have been seen as opposites. But in the case of Yanardag, these differences complement each other.
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Science explains: why and how it burns
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Myth gives meaning: why it’s sacred and what it symbolizes
Together, they turn Yanardag into a symbol of both reality and belief.
Conclusion
Yes, Yanardag truly burns. This fire is neither magic nor coincidence — it is part of geological processes and the power of nature. However, in cultural memory, myths, and belief systems, this fire lives not only as a physical phenomenon but as a spiritual light.
Science measures the flame; myth gives it soul.
Yanardag is the fiery identity of Azerbaijan.
Like the energy lying deep within the earth, it brings light to the darkness and ignites our thoughts.
Final Question to the Reader
Do you think Yanardag is just a flame — or a symbol of the people’s spirit?
Share your thoughts with us!